For those individuals subjected to threat, and where there is a high likelihood of severe physical harm, it is advisable to have some understanding of first aid.
In an emergency, every second counts. Swift action, for example slowing major loss of blood, can buy valuable time and help save lives whilst professional help is on the way.
Here are some of the more generic steps you can take:
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Call for help: If the situation is serious or if anyone is seriously injured, call emergency services immediately. Provide them with as much information as possible about the incident and the injuries sustained. If your situation allows, call for anyone with medical training to assist.
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Safety first: Before administering first aid, ensure that the scene is safe for both yourself and the injured person(s). If there is ongoing violence or danger, move to a safe location. Do not become a casualty yourself.
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Assess the situation: Quickly assess the nature and severity of the injuries sustained during the incident. Determine if there are any life-threatening injuries that require immediate attention.
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Check what first aid equipment is available: Depending on circumstances and where you are, check what equipment is available to help you. There may be first aid kits, trauma kits or a defibrillator nearby.
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Give first aid treatment: First aid is not a substitute for professional medical care, but it can save lives. Knowing the basic measures to take and having the confidence to do what you can is fundamental for you and those close to you; you do not need to be formally trained to give first aid.
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Provide reassurance: In addition to physical injuries, individuals involved in violent incidents may also experience emotional distress. Offer reassurance, comfort, and support to those affected by the incident.
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Document injuries: If it is safe to do so, document the injuries sustained by taking photos or making notes. This information may be useful for medical professionals, law enforcement or legal purposes.
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Monitor: After the immediate first aid has been provided and emergency services have been called, continue to monitor the injured person's condition and provide any necessary assistance until help arrives.
A comprehensive guide about the immediate first aid measures is available through the National Counter Terrorism Security Office (NaCTSO) website (see First Aid During a Terrorist Attack (protectuk.police.uk). This presentation is about first aid at a terrorist incident, but it equally applies to any serious medical emergency.
Guidance and free information about how to stay safe and treat casualties before 999 services arrive is available from: